The effect of a support program on the burden of spouses caring for their partners with breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial
Article information
Abstract
Objective
This study aimed to determine the effect of a support program on burden of spouses caring for their partners with breast cancer.
Methods
This randomized controlled trial was conducted among spouses of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy at a referral chemotherapy center in Iran. They were assigned to intervention (n=40) and control (n=40) groups using permuted block randomization. Three small group sessions lasted 45–60 minutes, followed by three telephone-based sessions, lasting 15–20 minutes (twice a week). The intervention sessions included defining stress management strategies in different situations: strengthening creativity, optimism, and management in planning, and defining the role of the caregiver. Primary outcome was care burden, and secondary outcomes were spouses’ stress, satisfaction with intervention, and partners’ quality of life (QOL). The caregiver burden inventory, depression anxiety stress questionnaire, World Health Organization QOL brief version, and client satisfaction questionnaire were completed before and after the intervention and at a 6-week follow-up.
Results
Thirty-eight participants in each group with a mean age of 44.24±9.01 years completed the study. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the care burden (P<0.05; effect size, 0.70), stress (P<0.05; effect size, 0.64), and women’s QOL (P<0.05; effect size, 0.67) before and after the intervention.
Conclusion
The results of this study can be used to develop interventions, targeting the care burden and stress of spouses of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy.
Introduction
Breast cancer accounts for approximately one-third of all cancers in women, and it is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality [1]. Cancer is currently the third leading cause of death in Iran after cardiovascular diseases and traffic accidents [2]. Care burden and stress for caregivers of cancer patients are among the critical issues addressed in recent years [3]. Caregiver burden refers to stress a person feels from caring for a patient [4], which in addition to stress caused by changes in life due to presence of a cancer patient, can affect a person’s ability to adapt, thereby causing depression [4,5]. It has been found that spouses and children of breast cancer patients care for these patients the most, and the care burden and stress is highest on the spouse due to more complex emotional relationship between the spouses [6]. Psychological issues that may be perceived by caregivers, especially the spouses of patients, include the burden of caregiving and stress caused by the treatment process of the cancer patients. As the disease progresses, the frequency of psychological problems [7], quality of sexual life [8], and professional performance [9,10] of husbands of women with breast cancer undergo undesirable changes. These long-term negative effects can lead to impaired physical health, including a weakened immune system and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases [11]. In some qualitative studies, despair and uncertainty about the future, as well as fear of loneliness, have been cited as major problems experienced by spouses of women with breast cancer [12]. All these problems mean that special attention needs to be paid to support the needs of caregivers of breast cancer patients, and the importance of managing caregivers’ stress is highlighted in educational and psychological interventions [13].
Despite the high prevalence of breast cancer in women and the prominent role of husbands in their caregiving, and the need for special attention to psychological problems, such as stress and caregiving burden in the husbands of women with breast cancer, this issue has attracted limited attention in developing countries like Iran [2,14]. It is now recommended that support and intervention programs should be designed and implemented based on the culture of the community [15]. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of a support program on the burden of spouses caring for their partners with breast cancer.
Materials and methods
1. Study design
This was a non-masked, randomized controlled trial that applied the consolidated standards of reporting trials (CONSORT) statement. The study was registered in the Iranian registry of clinical trials with the reference code IRCT20150608022609N7 (https://www.irct.ir/).
2. Participants and recruitment
We recruited spouses of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy at the chemotherapy ward of the Shahid Rajaee Referral-chemotherapy Center in Babolsar city, Mazandaran province, Iran from May 2020 to August 2020.
3. Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Participants were spouses of women with stage 1–3 breast cancer and a history of at least 1 session of chemotherapy. Other inclusion criteria were age 25–60 years, Iranian nationality, and education level higher than primary school. Exclusion criteria were studies in the medical or paramedical field, use of any counseling services on stress management 6 months prior to the start of the study, presence of psychiatric disorders, use of psychotropic drugs, drug and alcohol addiction, severe anxiety (score above 12), and severe depression (score above 13) based on the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-21). Women with recurrent breast cancer also were excluded from the study.
4. Sample size
Based on the study by Gabriel and Mayers [16], and considering α=0.05, β=0.20, P1=0.18, and P2=0.02, the sample size was calculated to be 33 per group. Forty participants in each group (a total of 80 participants) were selected, considering a 20% attrition rate.
5. Randomization
Sampling was established by attending the outpatient chemotherapy ward of the Shahid Rajaee Hospital to recruit spouses of women diagnosed with breast cancer. These women usually attended the hospital clinics with their relatives, such as their husbands, to receive pre-planned chemotherapy sessions. Using the permuted block randomization method, spouses were allocated to intervention (n=40) and control (n=40) groups. The intervention group comprised 20 blocks of 3–5 participants, such that in each block, the number of intervention and control groups were equal. Further, to adhere to the allocation concealment, 80 envelopes were prepared, and the indicated groups were placed in groups I (intervention) and C (control). The first eligible participant received the first envelope, and if it was written on the envelope of group I, he or she would be in the intervention group; thus, the participants would be in the control and intervention groups.
6. Outcomes
Primary outcome was care burden, and secondary outcomes were spouses’ stress, satisfaction with intervention, and partners’ quality of life (QOL).
7. Measurements
1) Demographic and clinical checklist
The participants’ demographic information included their age, education, job, place of residence, family history of cancer, underlying disease, adequacy of monthly income, and satisfaction with socioeconomic class. Additionally, their partners’ age, stage of disease, type of treatment received, type of surgery, number of chemotherapy sessions, and information about marriage, such as the duration of marriage and number of children were recorded.
2) Caregiver burden inventory (CBI)
The care burden questionnaire for caregivers with 24 items and five subscales was developed by novak and guest to measure objective and mental care burden [17]. This questionnaire was translated into Persian, and its validity was confirmed using content validity. The Cronbach’s alpha of 0.93 and intra-cluster correlation of 0.96 at 2-week intervals were satisfactory [18]. It was also used in a study of cancer patients in an Iranian setting [19].
3) Depression anxiety stress scale (DASS-21)
This 21-item scale was developed by Lovibond to assess depression, anxiety, and stress during the last week [20]. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was reported as 0.70 for depression, 0.66 for anxiety, and 0.76 for stress in a study among Iranian population [21].
4) Client satisfaction questionnaire
This 8-item scale was developed by Larsen et al. [22] to measure client satisfaction with counseling and treatment services [23].
5) World Health Organization QOL brief version (WHOQOL-BREF)
This questionnaire was used to measure QOL over the past 2 weeks. It was developed in 1989 by the World Health Organization in collaboration with 15 international centers. It includes 24 questions in four domains, where the first two questions do not belong to any of the domains and assess health status and QOL in general [24]. In Iran, a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.84 was reported to be satisfactory [25].
8. Intervention group
After evaluating the eligibility criteria and explaining the objectives of the study, written informed consent was obtained from participants who were willing to participate in the study. The sessions were held by a pre-trained researcher under the supervision of the research team, including a reproductive health professor, psychiatrist, and psychologist. The intervention was conducted twice a week for six sessions. The first three sessions were small group sessions (3–5 participants in each group), and the next three sessions were held by telephone with each individual. The small group sessions lasted 45–60 minutes, followed by telephone sessions lasting 15–20 minutes.
The intervention sessions included information about breast cancer and its complications, defining stress management strategies in different situations, teaching different levels of problem-solving skills, strengthening creativity, optimism, and management in planning, and defining the role of the caregiver, self-care, strengthening communication skills, relaxation techniques, and related home work (Table 1). Creativity, optimism, problem-solving, and expert information (COPE) models were adopted to develop an intervention protocol [26]. The content validity of the sessions was developed by the research team and evaluated by the opinion of two experts in the field of mental health (psychiatrist and clinical psychologist) and a professor in the field of reproductive health. The experts’ comments were applied in the final version of the intervention protocol. During each session, the participants were given the opportunity to ask questions and any concerns about caring for their partners were addressed. The demographic and clinical checklist, DASS-21, CBI, and WHOQOL-BREF (only for women with breast cancer) were completed at recruitment, immediately after the intervention, and at 6-week follow-up by both groups. The client satisfaction questionnaire was completed by the intervention group at the aforementioned times.
Content provided in each session in the intervention group based on the COPE model
9. Control group
Both groups received usual care from the study setting, which focused on caregivers of women with breast cancer at a 45-minute counseling session on the side effects of chemotherapy before the first session. To comply with ethical issues, at the end of the study, a brief version of the intervention protocol was provided to the control group as a booklet, and their questions were answered in case of questions regarding care and stress management.
10. Statistical analysis
Mean and standard deviation were used to describe numerical data. Frequencies and percentages were used for categorical data. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was used to evaluate the normality of the numerical variables. The chi-square test was used to evaluate categorical variables. Repeated measures analysis of variance evaluated the mean difference in outcomes between the intervention and control groups with the Bonferroni post-hoc test to control for increased risk of type I error due to multiple comparisons. If the data were not normal, appropriate non-parametric tests were performed. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant with a per-protocol approach. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
1. Flow of participants through the intervention and recruitment
A total of 223 participants met the eligibility criteria. Finally, 80 people were recruited, four of whom withdrew from the study, and 38 completed the study in each group (Fig. 1).
Consort flow diagram.
2. Participant characteristics
The mean age of the participants was 44.24±9.01 years, and most of them had secondary education. The demographic and clinical information of the participants and their partners are shown in Table 2.
Demographic and clinical information of the participants and their spouses
3. Outcomes
At baseline, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of care burden, stress, and partners’ QOL; however, after the intervention and at 6 weeks of follow-up, they were significant (Table 3).
Comparison of the mean and SD of care burden, stress, and QOL in both groups at recruitment and over time
As shown in Table 4, repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the care burden (P<0.05; effect size, 0.70), stress (P<0.05; effect size, 0.64), and women’s QOL (P<0.05; effect size, 0.67) before and after the intervention. The Bonferroni post-hoc test results for care burden pairwise comparisons between the groups are presented in Fig. 2.
Repeated measure analysis to compare the care burden, stress, and quality of life score in the intervention and control groups
Results of the Bonferroni post hoc test for care burden pairwise comparisons between the groups. CBI, caregiver burden inventory.
The mean score for the satisfaction intervention was also assessed. The lowest score was 18, highest score was 29, and mean score was 24.82±2.42, which indicates acceptable satisfaction among the intervention group.
Discussion
The experience of having breast cancer, its treatment, and consequences cause numerous psychological problems for the patient and caregivers. Because of the complex emotional relationships and dependencies that develop over time, the spouses of these patients are more affected than other caregivers [24–28]. The present study is one of the few interventional studies on the care burden of spouses (specifically dealt with) of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. In this study, a COPE-based support program was provided to the spouses of women with breast cancer. The results of the upcoming study suggest that the support program in the form of information about breast cancer, its consequences and treatment, social support, communication skills, and description of the COPE model will help increase creativity, optimism, and planning. Providing specific information about healthy lifestyles and caregivers’ needs was also found to be effective. The results showed that caregiver burden and caregiver-induced stress differed significantly between intervention and control groups.
The results of the present study were consistent with studies that showed that training and providing support packages based on the COPE model to caregivers of patients with cancer was effective in reducing stress [16,29]. The above studies focused on providing information about cancer stages and complications of treatment, assessing the needs of caregivers [29], and providing information based on the COPE model to reduce the burden of caregiving, stress, anxiety, and depression [29,30], and improving patients’ QOL. However, the results of the present study differ from that of a study that assessed the burden and stress in caregivers of advanced cancer patients who received palliative care [31]. One of the reasons for this controversy may be the result of the patients’ condition at the end of their lives, and the patients and their caregivers had little hope, which in turn affected their QOL. In another contradictory result, the QOL of patients and their caregivers was assessed after five sessions of intervention [32]. In that study, the rate of change was not stable when the results were reported at two time points: 3 and 6 months after the intervention. One of the reasons for this discrepancy is the inclusion criterion of this study. Participants in that study were at different stages of treatment, which may have affected the results.
The QOL of women with breast cancer was another issue addressed as a secondary outcome in this study. The QOL of patients with breast cancer depend on various factors, and managing the emotions of family members, especially spouses, may be one of the most significant factors in improving the QOL of these patients. It seems that providing a support program for spouses may improve patients’ QOL. Based on our findings, a support program based on the COPE model in their caregivers can be recommended for breast cancer patients as an option for part of their rehabilitation to help maintain a better QOL [33,34]. Evaluating the QOL of women with breast cancer was our secondary outcomes that are suggested in future studies, and it can be considered as a primary outcome to assess the psychological status of these women in more detail.
1. Limitations
The results of this study should be interpreted in light of some limitations. Since several factors, such as the size of the mass, individual perception of the disease, and social culture are critical in determining the extent of the burden of care, it was not possible to examine them in this study. The timing and completion of chemotherapy sessions during the intervention sessions, number of chemotherapy sessions completed, and family history of cancer (due to earlier preparation in individuals and their greater adjustment to the disease) may increase caregiver burden and stress after the intervention. As all questionnaires were completed by the participants as self-reports, their burden, stress, and QOL may differ from reality. However, it should be noted that the research team tried to control this limitation by assuring the participants that their information was confidential; however, myths about non-emotional men are still widespread, and this affects people’s experiences and behaviors. This issue is more prominent in conservative societies, such as Iran, where cultural restrictions prevent caregiver spouses from honestly revealing their real thoughts and feelings, and the results may be prone to information bias. However, the researcher provided the necessary explanations regarding confidentiality of the data. The results of this study could be generalized to spouses caring for their partners with recurrent breast cancer, while not undergoing chemotherapy cautiously, as chemotherapy is a complex stage in the management of women with breast cancer. Notably, 6 weeks follow-up is a fairly short follow-up time after the intervention, and by considering this limitation, it is impossible to evaluate women with breast cancer progression. To understand whether these effects are sustained over a longer term, a long-term follow-up should be considered in future research. The nature of the interventional support program and lack of blinding of the participants’ allocation to the intervention or control groups may have increased the performance bias. Since a researcher implemented and evaluated the intervention, there might have been some detection bias as well. However, the data were collected using self-administered questionnaires, and it seems that this type of bias was inconsiderable. Despite the fact that the patients were administered chemotherapy on different days, there was a possibility that patients in the intervention and control groups might have met and may have been prone to contamination bias. However, the probability of this was very low, owing to the presence of two separate rooms in the chemotherapy ward, number of different chemotherapy sessions, and referral of patients for chemotherapy on different days.
2. Conclusion
A support program reduces the care burden and stress levels of the spouses of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy, as well as increases their partners’ QOL, suggesting that informing oncologists, surgeons, and patients about non-pharmacological methods, including support programs along with empowering healthcare providers, can help to promote the health of spouses of women with breast cancer. The results of this study can be used to develop interventions, targeting the care burden and stress experienced by spouses of women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Further investigation with a blind control group may have implications for the integration of support program interventions into the usual care of women with breast cancer and their relatives. Additionally, as there is a possibility that not only the spouse of breast cancer patients but also the patient’s mental health status affected the outcome, an evaluation of the patient’s stress level or mental health will be investigated in future studies.
Acknowledgements
The current article is part of a master’s thesis by Seyedeh-Zeynab Hosseinnejad, a master’s student in midwifery counseling at MAZUMS (thesis number: 6862). The authors are grateful to MAZUMS for supporting this project and all participants.
Notes
Conflicts of interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Ethical approval
We received approval from the deputy for research and technology of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (MA-ZUMS) and Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (ethical code: IR.MAZUMS.REC.1399.6862).
Patient consent
Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants, and they were assured that their identities would be kept anonymous throughout the study.
Authors’ contributions
ZS, FE, and SZH contributed to the design of the manuscript. SNM and FE contributed to the implementation and analysis of plans. SZH contributed to the data collection and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding information
None.